Self-handicapping Behavior with Decker and Mitchells Theory

Self-handicapping Behavior with Decker and Mitchells TheoryIntroductionAs a part of initial few assignments, I took the series of self- handicapping survey suggested and designed by Prof. Phillip Decker and Prof. Jordan Mitchell to make the self-handicapping look during general encounter situation, people management, and leadership role, and identified the traits and cognition that I pack to acquire, learn and practice to be a good aggroup member and leader. But after cultivation done specific chapters based on rangeing self-handicapping situation and behaviors relating to key managerial and leadership role such as accountability, tunnel vision, engagement, analysis and decision making I wealthy person identified many more areas in my artal and individualized life which I was practicing and was attribute myself back, making excuses and creating obstacles for myself, ab expose which I wasnt aware of. Some causes for handicapping are similar to the earlier findings of se lf assessment exercise like poor audition vestments and low-toned self esteem, and some of them I wasnt aware of.I consider this as an opportunity or blessing in disguise, being an international student and moreover for a person planning a career shift, assessing my strengths and weakness, determining the behavioral aspects and personal approach techniques that handicap my shape up h mavenstly, at this point of succession is very pivotal. Today as well, I find myself looking for excuses to this mentioned shift when I dont understand anything or I am unable to achieve the coveted results and moreover create hurdles for myself which really affects my learning process adversely. So, during the course of this report I will be discussing my experiences and behaviors that I now recognize as self-handicapping my professional development and learning path with respect to most relevant and related key managerial areas accountability, tunnel vision, engagement, analysis and decision making create by mental act a firm action plan to slowly and gradually incorporate a small, positive and permanent behavioral change in professional and personal lifestyle.Reading through the four book chapters, I took the brief self-assessment survey in the self-handicapping book by Dr. Phillip Decker and Dr. Jordan Mitchell to identify key management and leadership areas break of the four that I really need to way on to bring around positive change in personal and professional approach hobby the recommendations and baby steps mentioned in the book.My Scoreanswerability11Tunnel Vision15Engagement8Analysis and Decision Making7AccountabilityAt the start of the career, I was more focused on taking care of my responsibility and wasnt concerns nearly the accountability part or maybe at that time I didnt know the difference between being responsible and accountable in the true sense. It took me some time to learn the subject matter of accountability through a fair share of good and bad experiences and bit of mentoring, now I understand that personal accountability is roughly brain and accepting the assign, taking actions to achieve agreed-upon results, answering and taking ownership of the results obtained, regardless of the outcome.In the book The Oz Principle Getting Results Through Individual And Organizational Accountability authors Roger Connors and Tom Smith defined personal accountability as, making a personal choice to rise above ones circumstances and demonstrate the ownership prerequisite for achieving desired results to see it, own it, solve it and do it. Based on the what they impart mentioned and experienced, I infer that accountability is something you choose to demonstrate, it is not something that is consigned to you.Going through the chapter and relating to my professional experiences and management roles, I realized that I perplex been self-handicapping myself by not prioritize tasks based on the importance, avoiding accountability and in confronting peers, boss and customers at times, and most importantly due to lack of self esteem not taking difficult tasks and assignments which really dented my career progression and learning curve. In a group task or in a leadership role, I observe that at times I procrastinate and put sift on myself, aggroupmates and subordinate. Also lacking to define the roles and task boundaries which tend to overlap and create confusions moreover most of the times I find myself doing most of the rectification works for my subordinates rather than managing resources which in the end, puts more pressure on me playing as the person who is responsible and accountable. The key skills that I need to work on in order to progress would be to reduce and eliminate the fear of accountability plan, learn and improve self-efficacy.Personal Accountability Self-HandicapWhat is the SituationTriggers Impact on parvenue(prenominal)sWhat to DoSpecific Behavioral be after of ActionTimelineAssessmen tLack of what/how question asking I avoid asking my senior/ boss regarding work related issues and try to find solutions by myself.Avoidance and FearDue to lack of knowledge and self confidence, I procrastinate and put stress on my teammates. Also I try to find the answers to what I dont know myself or consult a peer and the resultant of the approach sometime works in the favor of the team and at times effects the task timelines.(Improve Self confidence, look, listen and learn radical knowledge and skill even ups) Start believing in my abilities by shifting locus of control internally, to enhance knowledge base and become more approachable.1. Be assertive, come out of my comfort zone, reach out to people for knowledge and advice.2. handle a honest self assessment of specifics management traits to identify the management traits where am I lacking, verify and validate the findings through third parties consultations such family, friends, peers and trustworthy seniors. 3. Find mento rs and learn from their experience and knowledge.4. Engage myself in constructive and supportive managerial/ leadership activities to increase self efficacy.5. engineer steps to create positive environment to promote free flowing ideas and exchange knowledge on management related subject matter.6. Break-down the difficult tasks into small meaning parts, and as I plus confidence in achieving those goals and increase self-efficacy, aim at mastery completing complex, challenging and autonomous jobs.Mar-2017Feb-Mar 2017Feb- Apr 2017Mar- 2017Mar-2017Feb-Apr 2017Analysis my progress with respect to this particular dimension by noting how many times I went up to my boss for a question/ suggestion/ idea and the severity of allude of that on the task or project. Compare the findings with past results.Do a 360-degree feedback to verify and validate the applied behavioral changes. Take advice, rectify the approach if obligatory and reevaluate.Personal Accountability Self-HandicapWhat is t he SituationTriggers Impact on OthersWhat to DoSpecific Behavioral Plan of ActionTimelineAssessmentRather just hide or do my old jobDue to lack of knowledge on work related subject matter and conservative nature, I often dont put down voluntary or optional work related assignment for professional growth, like seminar training and during a business presentation or conference, I normally sit at the corner or at the end to avoid interaction and answering to a question.Expedient avoidanceDue to my conservative nature, I behave become really restrictive, I hesitate to share ideas or constructive dialogues with the team and likewise. At times feel left out in a group showdown.(Improve self- efficacy and facenew challenges) Improve the human race image and socialize, so that they recognize me and my ideas. Create a positive image for me amongst the people around to remember.1. come empathy towards work, people, environment and most importantly towards self.2. Set small meaningful per sonal and professional chance(a) targets for me like reading an article or compose a blog about things that disport me and professional related.3. Present paper at a conference or work related seminar to boost the confidence for public speaking. Thoroughly practice and prepare for the subject matter.4. Be visible on social media, and connect to profession related group and people, to share thoughts and idea about a subject matter and recent development to mark my presence in the professional circle.5. Seek mentorship, to verify and validate my ideas before presenting.Mar-2017Feb-May 2017Feb- Apr 2017on differenceMar-Apr-2017Take feedback from external sources and compare the findings with initial documents to identify the area that I have improved on and what ineluctably further rectification. Observe and grade small behavioral changes made that have made been made and evaluate whether they have become a habit or not and permanent part of the routine. Set new goals or re-devise the implementation part to improve on them.Poor presentation of self and speech in presentation, social mediaAvoidance and FearHolding Other Accountable Self-HandicapWhat is the SituationTriggersImpact on OthersWhat to DoSpecific Behavioral Plan of ActionTimelineAssessmentNot holding peers accountableThere have been many instances in my managerial career that at the time of job performance evaluation, my subordinates often respond to accountability questions by they werent aware of the criteria, even though I had mentioned to them in the initial project stage.Self DeceptionSuch situation put too much pressure on myself on behalf of the team to get the things done, and at times finds myself getting things done for my subordinates and peers just to chance on the project timeline.Deliberate ActionDesign proactive approach on task accountability for the subordinates and peers. Discuss and communicate with them before finalizing, and document them.1. Hold a daily morning meeting with t he team to review performance and discuss what needs to be done and how, so that peers can suggest recrudesce advice to complete specific tasks, prioritize and assign workload with realistic timelines and set accountability goals. acknowledge buffer in the schedule to accommodate unexpected events.2. Make daily meeting note or place a white board for everybody to see, on which task timeline with an accountable person is mentioned, and is updated every morning after the meeting.3. Publicly acknowledge peer and subordinate performance.4. Set daily personal task and note them down based on the priorities.Feb-Apr 2017Feb-Apr 2017Feb-Apr 2017Feb-Apr 2017A good indicator of this change would be to evaluate peers and subordinates the task related approach and behavioral change in the daily morning. If I consider the things not improving, have a private talk with the person and try to understand his perspective.Instead of yearly performance review, have a monthly or quarterly review, to a ssess the performance, and correct them if required.Key behaviors and corrupt steps (derived from Self-Handicapping Leadership- the nine behaviors holding back employees, managers and companies and how to overcome them, by Phillip Decker and Jordan Mitchell) some of the behavioral changes are focused on improving self-efficacy and regaining confidence to complete difficult tasks and face new challenges.Arrive at the next meeting/ class before time and prepare for it respectively. I heard an raise technique for time management from a third person that Reaching a meeting 5 mins early is being on time and reaching on time means youre late., I will try to implement this philosophy.Be humble and honest in accepting my shortcomings. Enhance my understanding for the respective, seek assistance and publicise myself in questioning and analyzing regarding the unknown.Start writing a daily diary to self-analysis, what I have achieved and lost during the day, and mark positive events and the ir outcomes.Try to incorporate small positive behavioral change around my daily routine, like reading, writing and meditating.Resultant of these activities would beI would feel confident when I walk into a meeting or class.The desire to learn and improve would push and drive me to accept my shortcomings and reach out people to overcome them.I would be better able to identify positive and negative behavior, devise a personal action plan for them.Incorporating small behavioral change around daily routine would soon become a habit and will have a positive usurpation.Tunnel VisionReading through the chapter and relating it to my previous professional and limited managerial experience, I consider tunnel vision as one key self-handicapping factor that executives and professional face as a hurdle in the growth and more importantly remain unaware about this shortcoming. We always ask our self why arent we getting a promotion and the other person is, even though I have more knowledge and ex perience, now I understand that the reason for it is tunnel vision. The top management looks at the person from various dimensions but the most critical and important one is they see whether the person income tax returns into account the bigger picture and absolute goals when approaching smaller tasks, their understanding of what is happening beyond the boundaries of our particular job, department or organization. We need to avoid blindness in relation to information, internal and external environment, and understand the fine line between company vision and tunnel vision.During the process of identifying behavior and self-analyzing my work philosophy with the newly acquired knowledge and understanding of tunnel vision, honestly found out that I focus on whats in my inbox and isolate in my workplaces, working in my particular department, head down, and focusing on the specific job. I have little to no awareness of what may be going on foreign of my little sphere. Often, restricting myself to useful information from the colleagues which could assist me in decision making. Reviewing and revisiting my 7-year career in textiles, I can well identify the decisions and approaches where I exercised tunnel vision. Switching jobs for small benefits and not taking into account the learning path early on in my career which dented my fasten on and progress. Later on, in the managerial role due to my introvert nature, the team often got pressurize to meet the result and had to go though unnecessary efforts to meet the timeline.Digging into reasons, taking the self-assessment and analysis test, talking to friends, family and close acquaintances relating the findings to my previous limited professional experience I found out the lack of self-confidence and self-efficacy in my abilities as one of the prime reason of self-handicapping and exercising tunnel vision. Due to the mentioned I never reached out to people and connected to them, exercised poor listening and writing sk ills which added to the misery and always procrastinated to make things even difficult for myself and people around me. During the action plan and baby steps, I would be primarily focused on improving my listening, writing and networking skills to open myself up to new idea and experiences which would help in the longer run. Implementing a behavioral change around my routine schedule, so that they slowly and latterly become permanent and a positive change.Tunnel Vision Self-HandicapWhat is the SituationTriggersImpact on OthersWhat to DoSpecific Behavioral Plan of ActionTimelineAssessmentDeal with procrastinationI consider myself as not a good writer, and always try to avoid or take too much time doing it. I try to mask my shortcomings and indulge myself other non-related activities like social media to avoid the task at hand.ApprehensionIn a group project setting, due to my habits and I tend to put too much pressure on myself by procrastinating things, which is later transferred to other team members, resulted is there is a hassle to meet the project timeline and often we have compromise on the results.Face itI need to focus on create my self-confidence and writing abilities. I have to face my fear and take baby steps to convert my weakness into strength. Timely manage my work to effectively and efficiently get the required results.1. Get out of my comfort zone and embrace myself for change.2. Self assess and take professional help to identify areas where I need to improve, learn new skills and new perspectives.3. Write a daily personal and professional to do list, in the order to priorities.4. Identify and park/ shut up unproductive activities during work hours like face- book and whatsapp.5. Find a method of meditation and exercise daily for 10-15 mins to self reflect on the changes happening, analysis them and gain positives out of them.6. Set small meaningful personal and professional daily targets for myself to write a blog or personal article about th ings that interest me. Take feedback from close friends and family, also professional acquaintances like ex- boss about respective piece of writing, listen to the criticism positively and implement the changes gradually.Feb-2017Feb-Mar 2017Feb-Apr 2017Feb-Apr 2017Feb-Apr 2017Feb-Apr 2017Take 360-degree feedback to checker the progress and rectify the shortcomings.Self-evaluates the consistency in the mentioned behavioral change. Honestly, answer the important question Have they became a habit and are they having a positive impact?, if required make necessary changes.Tunnel Vision Self-HandicapWhat is the SituationTriggersImpact on OthersWhat to DoSpecific Behavioral Plan of ActionTimelineAssessmentIgnoring people after get your wayAt times, I find myself so much into things that I blind side myself by not hearing to what others have to say or suggest and what is happening around me.Self DeceptionDue to my introvert nature, I restrict myself to new ideas from my peers and subordinat e, create a perception about them without knowing their story and thoughts which really effects my ability to approach them during an assignment and after also. Resultant of this affects group cohesion and ability to achieve better and positive team efforts.Look and ListenOne of the reasons that I self-analyzed during the initial assignments that I am not a good listener and have low self-esteem which greatly impacts my people interaction. So my prime objective would be to improve my verbal and non-verbal communication techniques to gain self-confidence.1. Practice being patience during a conversation and discussion. 2. Divert my full focus and attention to the speaker and to what they are saying. Avoid distraction from the surrounding.3. Clear my mind, try to visualize what the speaker is referring to and not get-go to conclusions.4. Respect the person speaking and their ideas. Contain the urge to ask unnecessary questions and learn the art of supportive questioning through takin g support from mentors and reading articles based on it. Monitor my self-talk.5. Learn to use and interpret non-verbal communication through reading and observing the people and surrounding.6. Every day, greet people around me with a simple smile or hello and if the conversation follows, go with the flow. Have an open and casual discussion with team members.7. Join team members during luncheon and tea time and have a casual non-work related conversation in order to understand the person and likewise.Feb-2017Feb-Mar 2017Feb-Apr 2017Feb-Apr 2017Feb-Apr 2017Feb-Apr 2017Feb- Mar 2017Take different listening psychometric tests , and get it evaluated through third party to compare the finding with self analysis.Take 360-degree feedback to check the progress and rectify the shortcomings.Self-evaluates the consistency in the mentioned behavioral change. Honestly, answer the important question Have they became a habit and are they having a positive impact?, if required make necessary changes .Key behaviors and Baby steps The baby steps are particularly focused on reducing the personal isolation, socializing and exposing me to new information, opportunities and challenges.Set up Google Alerts account and set a preference to the areas that I need to improve and profession related update, this will bring information to me. Take out 10-15 mins daily to go through the information.Seek advice and network with people not having same preference or profession, and share ideas and discuss on general issues this will give me more perspectives and new angles to approach an issue.Develop a regular questioning habit and a focus on finding the right questions to explore.Develop a habit to reassess my strength and weakness by taking into account external factors, if required take help from family, friends and close acquaintance.Resultant of these activities would beReading through profession related topic would really enhance my knowledge and by commenting on them on social media like Twitter and LinkedIn would improve the thinking process and articulating skills. seek advice and networking with non-profession related people will help me bring in information and ideas that will reinvigorate what I do and how I do it, providing me new interesting perspectives and ideas that will improve my general management and leadership skills.During the professional career shift, continuously reassessing my strength and weakness in connection to what is happening in the outside world would help me in providing a clarity that what I need to fight career tunnel and realign my action plan accordingly to focus my efforts towards better personal development.

Summary of the Somali Language

Summary of the Somali LanguageAmal MohamedThe Motherland The place where scientist believe all humans came from is now inhabited by Middle Eastern and North African descends, Somalia. Somalia is a country in the horn of Africa but what makes their purification different from the American culture or any(prenominal) other is that its made up of homogenous people with the same religion, wrangle, ethnicity, and culture.Despite the fact a Roman Catholic cathedral being located in the Somalia capitol Mogadishu, Somalia is a completely Muslim country that follows the teaching of Islam. Islam came to Somalia at a time when Prophet Muhammads companions sought refuge across the Red Sea in the Horn of Africa to escape the prosecution they faced for being Muslim. It is believed that Somalis adopted and accepted the teachings of Islam way before any other Muslim or Arab country did. Islam had been affair of the Somali society for more than 1400 years. Majority of the Somali people are Sunni Muslims except for the few who are Sufis. Somalia being a Muslim country and pursual the teachings of Islam the Sharia Law is used on daily basis,(Quora) Islamic sharia or Islamic law is the unearthly legal system governing the members of the Islamic faith. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran and the Hadith. The term sharia comes from the Arabic language term sharah, which means a body of moral and religious law derived from religious prophecy, as opposed to human legislation. Many Somali scholars have remarkably defined the route of Muslim considering and practices throughout the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and furthermore, producing legion(predicate) important Islamic figures over the centuries. Uthman bin Ali ZaylaI of Zeila whom is Somali being amongst them. (Ethnomed) Almost all Somalis are Sunni. The religion has a much more comprehensive determination in life than is typical in the Americas or Europe. Islam is a belief s ystem, a culture, a structure for government, and a way of life. Thus in Somalia, attitudes, societal customs, and gender roles are primarily based on Islamic tradition. For example, the Islamic calendar is based on the lunar month and begins numbering from the year Mohammed arrived in Medina both this and the Julian calendar are officially recognized and used. In Somalia religion whole big part of the country.The Somali languages is mixed with Arabic, English, and Italian. The language verbalize in some many country including Ethiopia, Kenya and Eritrea and further into the North Africa. The three main language the spoken in Somali is Benaadir, Maay, and Northern or Northern-Central. Maay Maay language mainly spoken in Digil and Mirifle (Rahanweyn) clans in the southern of Somalia. (The refworld, Somalia) the southern Somali clans, stated that Maay Maay is a language spoken by clans in the inter-riverine area amid the Shabeelle and the Jubba rivers (23 Sept. 1998). The clan fami lies in this area are mainly the Rahanweyn and the Digil but there are also other groups who handle Maay Maay, such as many Bantu villagers along the Jubba and Shabeelle who may not have Somali clan affiliations. The associate professor further stated that due to recent migrations, there are sure as shooting Maay Maay speakers in other parts of Somalia (ibid.). The Benaadir is the 2nd popular language in somila. Benaadir is usually spoken in Mogadishu (the capital city in Somalia)The Somali ethnicity come from Hamitic people but have Cushitic culture. They are divided into two main clan the Samaal, which includes the Darod, Isaaq, Hawiye, and Dir clan groups the Saab, which includes the Rahanweyn and Digil clans and other smaller clan groups thats not popular. The (Samaal) A Samaal clan kept count of the generations between living members of the group and the ancestor for whom it was named the greater the number of generations (which often implied substantial internal segmentation into sub clans or lineages) the greater the clans prestige. The sab is the Swedish and they live in the west of Somalia. You dont see them much in t north of Somalia. The Saab language is way different them the Samaal. They usually speak the old language and they are not much of them in the city. The Somalia culture is way different then the American culture and any other because the Somalia culture is influenced by the religion, Islam. The religion has big influenced in clothing and food. When it comes to the clothing, most Somali dress in adherence to Islamic principles. The Men wears clothe that must pinnacle from neck to knee, and women must be covered from neck to ankle in non-form-fitting clothing. Married women may additionally wear a head scarf /or a shawl (Culture of Somalia). Most Somali speak the Somali language and Arabic because of the influence of Islam, The Quran is writing in Arabic thats why they must learn how to read and write Arabic.(Blog Entries) The Somali p ractice Muslim holidays, such as Ramadan, the month of fasting to celebrate the revelation of the Quran Id al-Fitr the First of Muharram, when an angel shakes the channelise of life and death Maulid an-Nabi (a celebration of Muhammads birth) and Id al-Adha, which commemorates the story of Abraham and his son Ishmael (Shurgin, 2006).When it comes with the engagement, somalin ladys get arranged marriage and they get marry at young age 15 or 16. Marriage is highly valued in the Somali culture and if a woman is not married by the age of 16 she is transport bad luck to her family. Same sex marriages are not allowed by law. You can get killed by the same sex marriage. (Somalia culture) Marriage traditions in Somalia fence that in times when a marriage is arranged without consent of the couple, the woman may refuse the marriage if she gains her mothers support. To avoid this situation, the founding father or male sexual congress of the woman may try to formalize the union without tell ing the family. Arranged marriages in Somalia can also take place through the conversation of women between sparring tribes, which is viewed as closing a peace agreement.In the American culture the man would ask the father of his girlfriend for her hand in marriage. If the father approves and says yes, then man will propose to his girlfriend.http//countrystudies.us/somalia/38.htmhttp//www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Somalia-ETHNIC-GROUPS.html http//www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Somalia.htmlhttps//ethnomed.org/culture/somali/somali-cultural-profilehttp//www.bradleyfarless.com/culture-clash-small-town-american-vs-somalian-immigrant-culture/Works CitedFeature March/April 2017. Feature March/April 2017 EthnoMed. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2017.N.p., n.d. Web.Somalia Ethnic Groups. Encyclopedia of the Nations. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2017.Somalia Samaal. Somalia Samaal. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2017.Somalia. Countries and Their Cultures. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2017.Somalia History, Lang uage and Culture. terra firma Travel Guide. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2017.

Role of Traditional Medicine in Third World Countries

Role of handed-down Medicine in Third World CountriesOverviewAccording to the home(a) Aboriginal Health Organisation (NAHO, 2003), the term handed-down was introduced by the British during the colonial era and practically rejected by human organismsy endemical peoples. governing in the industrialised knowledge base utilize the term handed-down medical specialty to distinguish between Western medicinal drug and medical knowledge and practices that were topical anesthetic anaesthetic to indigenous tribes in Africa, southeasterly East Asia and other separate of the third solid ground. Today traditionalistic care for is also referred to as Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). degenerative social, economic and governmental problems in many third world countries means that the vast majority of their populations have little or no access to ultramodern medical resources. By contrast, traditional care for is often available to the masses and may constitute the only available wellness flush resource. This essay discusses the determination of traditional medicine as an essential resource in the third world, with specific reference to Nigeria and Pakistan.Traditional MedicineThere is no universally sure and unambiguous definition of traditional medicine, largely because of differences in culture, language, and medical products and practices across the third world. However, the World Health Organisation defines traditional medicine as health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral establish medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and pr blusht illnesses or harbour headspring-being (WHO, 2003). Traditional medicine generally refers to any medicinal knowledge and practices that arent within the domain of modern day Western medicine. Like modern medicine the ultimate goal of the traditional t herapist is to improve the well being of individuals who present with some undesirable physical or psychological malady (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). However, traditional medicine is unique in that improvements in well-being may incorporate spiritual healing, and whereas western medicine largely relies on science-based knowledge and procedures, traditional medicine is based on local rituals, herbs, and superstitions indigenous to the local community (NAHO, 2003).Traditional medicine may incorporate different fields of expertise. NAHO (2003) identifies some(prenominal) types of specialists, including the spiritualist, herbalist, medicine man/woman, and healer. Spiritualists specialise in spiritual healing, for example by communicating with dead ancestors and performing ritualised sacrifices (e.g. killing a chicken). They often enjoy a certain distributor point of authority within local communities, serving as mentors for individuals or families. Herbalists are perhaps equivalent to phar macists and pharmacologists in western medicine. They are experts on the medicinal properties of local plants and are typically called upon to prepare various medicinal concoctions to cure specific ailments. Such preparations may be in the form of a meal, drink, or even special soap for bathing. Healers are individuals with a natural talent for healing, often through spiritual or other means, perhaps similar to the psychic in Western society. Indeed, thither seems to be a high degree of overlap between healers, and spiritualists, albeit this is debatable and culture-specific. Finally, the medicine man/woman is a traditional healer usually involved in ceremonial activity, such as a funeral. They often carry a lot of material effect, such as inscrutable bundles, bones, and other effects. Chronic shortages of modern health care resources in the third world has led to renewed interest in the role that CAM could play in reducing premature morbidity and mortality.Health care in the thir d wordPopulations living in third world countries are plagued by a variety of health problems. These include childbirth problems such as low birth weight (Arif Arif, 1999), nutritional problems, notably malnutrition, hypoglycaemia and hypothermia (Bhan et al, 2003), kidney indisposition (SantaCruz, 2003), degenerative psychiatrical illnesses such as Hodgkins disease (Hu et al, 1988), hypertension (Galie Rubin, 2004), tobacco-related illness (Tomlinson, 1997), and so on. The prevailing economic, political, social and environmental conditions arent ideal for maintaining good health (Cooper, 1984). Socio-economic inequalities caused by damage economic policies and political corruption has meant that modern medicine is beyond the bump off of the suffering masses. Environmental decadence manifests in poor sanitary conditions, itself a solution (at least in part) of weak economic infrastructure, and political leadership. Governments in many third world countries often spend only a fraction of their crude(a) domestic product (GDP) on health care, so that there is a chronic shortage of both primary and secondary health resources such as clinics, hospitals, staff, and drugs. Health care policies are either absent, in equal or poorly implemented. Lack of adequate funding stifles research and tuition, not withstanding positive emplacement effects like increased creativity (Coloma Harris, 2004).These deplorable conditions have persisted despite massive financial investment by the World Bank. The organisation pays out an estimated $28 zillion annually to third world countries, some of which is meant be used for the development of adequate health infrastructure (Pinker, 2000). But this has had little effect, partly because of government corruption, political instability, and crippling national debts. Moreover, technological change is so rapid that investment in essential medical equipment is not viable, unless there is a regular money flow to finance replacemen ts (Coloma Harris, 2004). Much has been written about the problem of brain drain in which locally trained professionals flee their under-resourced and decaying health care systems to relieve oneself up more lucrative jobs abroad (Fisher, 2003 Latif, 2003 Levy, 2003). Then there is the capitalist constraint. Private companies in the West that support health services, pharmaceuticals, equipment, and other medical resources inquire to make a profit to stay in business. This means selling products to their clients (governments, health service organisations, the general public) at a cost-effective price, which third world countries simply cannot afford. Getting semiprivate companies to sell their health services and products at a loss, for example by provide cheap or free drugs, often requires government intervention and corporate will (Enserink, 2000), both of which are often lacking. In the midst of such adversity traditional medicine may provide the only viable source of health c are.NigeriaModern health care in Nigeria incorporates primary care provided by local government and privately possess clinics, secondary care dispensed by hospitals, and tertiary services (e.g. orthopaedics, psychiatry) provided by specialist hospitals (WHO, 2002-2007). Like many third world countries the health infrastructure is naughtily under funded, with chronic equipment and staff shortages (Kadiri, 2005). Brain drain is a constant problem (Levy, 2003), and adequate health care is expensive and hence beyond the reach of the masses (WHO, 2002-2007). Traditional medicine operates side-by-side with modern health care. Most Nigerians have access to traditional healers, or medicine men, especially in the countrified areas where people lack local health infrastructure and transportation to travel to the nearest clinic or hospital. Thus, CAM is the only health resource available to most Nigerians (Mpyet et al, 2005). Nigeria is actually a melting pot of over 300 different tribes1, with remarkably different languages, cultures, lifestyles, religions and traditional governments (at local level). Thus, the practice of traditional medicine is quite alter across the country. Nevertheless, most medicine men are considered experts in the preparation and administration of various herbal medicines, and the prognosis for patients is often good. The use of herbal drugs rest very popular, especially amongst the older generation and/or less educated.Recent evidence suggests that some Nigerians are suspicious of modern medical procedures and consequently miss to utilise services to which they have access. Raufu (2002) and Pincock (2004) both document a recent health crises in northern Nigeria in which parents refused to get their kids vaccinated against poliomyelitis. There was commodious scepticism about the vaccination campaign, with many parents fearing their children may become infected with the HIV, or worse become infertile, irrespective of what the health offic ials said. This incident seems to mirror a subtle nation-wide cultural shift towards traditional medicine. For example, there have been calls for traditional healers to be involved in making referrals to secondary care services, along side professional medical doctors (Mpyet et al, 2005). The WHO has specifically encouraged research on traditional medicine in Nigeria, and the National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), fixed in Abuja, the capital city, has been identified as a possible location for such research. The NIPRD was set up to conduct research projects designed to improve, refine, and modernise traditional medicine, especially in terms of herbal remedies. The institute has successfully developed some herbal medicines including NIPRD AM-1, a herbal extract for treating malaria.In other parts of the country steps have been taken to blend traditional medicine with modern medical procedures. The Fantsuam Foundation (IHDC, 2003), a womens group foun ded in 1996 and based in northern Nigeria with over 80,000 members, was set up to help rural women fight their way out of poverty. This organisation is not profit oriented, works in collaborationism with local government, and uses modern computer resources, such as electronic commerce. The foundation recognises the value of CAM especially amongst women living in poor communities, and works to reconcile traditional practices with modern medicine. Women in this part of the country are plagued by a variety of health problems ranging from minor ailments (e.g. back pains) to more serious conditions (e.g. HIV/AIDS). Thus, there is an ever-present demand for appropriate health care. Traditional healers are very active, using various emollients and herbs to treat patients. More encouragingly, the Foundations work in the community has highlighted several interesting points concerning the modernisation of traditional medicine. These include the following Some aspects of traditional medicine can be improved for better health service training Traditional healers are open to modernisation initiatives provided there is a sense of partnership and intellectual property rights are protected Traditional medicine as a body of knowledge can be preserved while simultaneously opening it up to tames. Overall, the value of traditional medicine as a widely available health resource is universally recognised in Nigeria.PakistanPakistan like other third world countries suffers from an under funded and under-resourced modern health care system. Poverty-related health problems are rife, including low birth weight (Bhutta et al, 2004), hepatitis (Yusufzai, 2004), sexually transmitted diseases (Wallerstein, 1998) and high infant mortality and malnutrition (Abbasi, 1999). The health care system is dichotomised into the public and private sectors. The former incorporates a mixture of by and large unregulated private hospitals, clinics, and traditional healers, while the public sector is ma de up of government run hospitals, mostly in very poor condition (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). Overall, Pakistans health service system does not compare favourably with its neighbours. Poverty, illiteracy and poor sanitation, as well as political instability compound the problem, with infant mortality and infectious disease particularly problematic (Abbasi, 1999 Zaidi et al, 2004). Historically CAM has been a permanent part of the health care landscape in Pakistan, practised in the form of Unani, Ayurvedic and homeopathic systems (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). Unani medicine entails the use of natural resources normally found in the body, such as clean and fresh water, whereas Ayurveda remedies are sensitive to a womans natural rhythms and cycles.There is particular emphasis in Pakistan on the use of plant-based traditional medicines, albeit animal based products are sometimes used. In the midst of chronic and widespread socio-economic deprivation more and more Pakistanis are turning to tradit ional healers for their health care (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). local anesthetic hakeems, religious leaders and medicine men on a regular basis dispense traditional therapies. These individuals enjoy considerable public trust and respect, especially in the rural areas, and patients regularly present with a wide range of medical conditions including gynaecological problems. According to Jafry (1999) traditional medicine was officially acknowledged in Pakistan under the Unani, Ayurvedic and Homeopathic Practitioners spiel of 1965. The practice of homeopathy in particular has become well established, with increases in the number of homeopathic (privately owned) schools, especially after the Homeopathic Board and National Council for homoeopathy (NCH) was set up. Currently there is an abundance of homeopathic clinics, pharmaceutical companies, and other related organisations in Pakistan. Interestingly, despite these advances Pakistan continues to import homeopathic medicines in large quan tities and local drug prices remain high. Consequently many Pakistanis cannot afford homeopathic treatment. Like the modern health care system which is heavily under funded ((Abbasi, 1999), homeopathic medicine remains crippled by under investment (Jafry, 1999). Despite these drawbacks, CAM as a whole remains more accessible than modern health resources, and constitutes an of the essence(p) resource for the vast majority of the population (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005).ExploitationNAHO (2003) has identified a number of important concerns that need to be recognised if CAM is to be successfully compound with modern medicine in developing nations. Firstly it is essential to recognise the important role played by the elderly, who form the bulk of spiritual healers and medicine men. Less common in Western culture, high reverence for elders in many third world countries is a major reason traditional medicine enjoys considerable public endorsement. Secondly, there is the risk of exploitation by unscrupulous western private enterprise. In particular it would be wholly inappropriate in a cash economy for a private pharmaceutical company, concerned about making a quick profit, to offer symbolic but manky gifts to a traditional healer in return for valuable knowledge on local medicines, ointments and herbs. Thirdly, there is the issue of intellectual property rights. These must be protected under any circumstances, again to avoid unfair exploitation and profiteering by private companies. Health care funding provided to third world governments by the WHO, World Bank, and other financial organisations should be conditional on the establishment and implementation of satisfactory protective policies. For example independent (e.g. WHO) officials can be used to supervise contracts that are drawn up between private enterprises and traditional healer groups.ConclusionsAs early as 1984 Cooper argued that Western medicine index not really be suitable for the third world (Cooper, 1984 ). Despite the rapid spread of modern medicine CAM remains an indispensable resource for providing adequate health care to the majority of individuals living in these countries. Socio-economic and political problems have heavily limited access to modern health care. However, considerable progress has being made towards harness the potential of traditional medicine, for example by allowing traditional healers to make hospital referrals. Both the WHO and World Bank seem committed to promoting the development of CAM. Given the complexity and variability of health provision across the third world it may be necessary to tailor health care reform to the peculiar requirements of each country (Buch, 2005). Traditional medicine is firmly rooted in local culture and customs (NAHO, 2003), and therefore traditional health protocols cannot be generalised across nations. Additionally, concerns about equality, protection rights, and other ethical issues need to be addressed.ReferencesAbbasi, K. ( 1999) The World Bank and world health Focus on South Asia II Indiaand Pakistan British Medical Journal, 318, pp.1132-1135Arif, M.A. Arif, K. (1999) Low birthweight babies in the third world maternalnursing versus professional nursing care, Journal of Tropical Paediatrics, 45,pp.278 280.Bhan, M.K., Bhandari, N. Bahl, R. (2003) Management of the severelymalnourished child perspective from developing countries. British MedicalJournal, 326, pp.146 151Bhutta, Z.A., Khan, I., Salat, S., Raza., F. Ara, H. (2004) Reducing length of stay inhospital for very low birthweight infants by involving mothers in a stepdownunit an experience from Karachi (Pakistan). British Medical Journal, 329,pp.1151 1155Buch, E. (2005) The future of health care in Africa. British Medical Journal. 331,pp.1-2.Coloma, J. Harris, E. (2004) Innovative low cost technologies for biomedicalresearch and diagnosis in developing countries. British Medical Journal, 329,pp.1160- 1162Cooper, J.A.D. (1984) Health resourc es the United States and the third world, HealthAffairs, 3, pp.149 151Enserink, M. (2000) Group urges action on third world drugs. Science, 287, p.1571Fisher, J.P. (2003) Third world brain drain Brain drain must be halted. BritishMedical Journal. 327, p.930.Galie, N. Rubin, L.J. (2004) Introduction new insights into a challenging diseaseA review of the third world symposium on pulmonary arterial hypertension.Journal of American College of Cardiology, 43 (12 Suppl S) 1S.Jafry, S.A.A. (1999) Homeopathy in Pakistan online. The Homeo Webzine.Available fromhttp//www.geocities.com/pulsnet2000/homeopak.htmAccessed 5 sue2006.Kadiri, S. (2005) Tackling cardiovascular disease in Africa. British Medical Journal,331, pp.711-712.Hu, E., Hufford, S., Lukes, R., Bernstein-Singer, M., Sobel, G., Gill, P., Pinter-Brown, L., Rarick, M., Rosen, P. Brynes, R. (1988) Third-World Hodgkinsdisease at Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center Journal of Clinical Oncology, 6, pp .1285 1292.IHDC (2003) Local health content in Nigeria blends tradition and science.Johannesburg IHDC.Latif, A.S. (2003) Third world brain drain Causes of exodus need to be examined andrectified. British Medical Journal, 327, p.930.Levy, L.F. (2003) The first worlds role in the third world brain drain. British MedicalJournal, 327, p.170Mpyet, C, Dineen, B.P., Solomon, A.W. (2005) Cataract surgical coverage andbarriers to uptake of cataract surgery in leprosy villages of north easternNigeria. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 89, pp.936-938.NAHO (2003) Traditional Medicine in Contemporary Context Protecting andRespecting Indigenous Knowledge and Medicine. Ottawa, ON NAHO.Pincock, S. (2004) Poliovirus spreads beyond Nigeria after vaccine uptake drops.British Medical Journal. 328, p.310Pinker, S. (2000) Banking on the Third World. Canadian Medical AssociationJournal, 163, p.94Raufu, A. (2002) Polio cases rise in Nigeria as vaccine is shunned for fear of AIDSBritish Medical Journal, 3 24, p.1414.SantaCruz, P.L. (2003) Preventing end-stage kidney disease a personal opinion fromthe Third World. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 18, p.2453.Shaikh, B.T. Hatcher, J. (2005) Complementary and Alternative Medicine inPakistan Prospects and Limitations. Evidence-Based Complementary andAlternative Medicine, 2, pp.139142.Tomlinson, R. (1997) Smoking death toll shifts to third world British MedicalJournal, 315, pp.563 568Wallerstein, C. (1998) Pakistan lags behind in reproductive health. British MedicalJournal. 317, p.1546WHO (2003) Country Press Releases WHO encourages Research into TraditionalMedicine. Geneva WHO.WHO (2002-2007) WHO Country Cooperation Strategy Federal majority rule of Nigeria.Geneva. WHOZaidi, K.M., Awasthi, S. deSilva, H.J. (2004) Burden of infectious diseases inSouth Asia. British Medical Journal, 328, pp.811 815.Yusufzai, A (2004) Pakistan medical association warns of potential rise in hepatitisBritish Medical Journal. 329, p.530.1Footnotes1 The re are three major tribes The Hausa, Ibo, and Yoruba.

The Ape-Like Mr. Hyde in Robert Louis Stevenson Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

The Ape-Like Mr. Hyde in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Throughout The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dr. Henry Jekyll underwent periods of transformation, transcendence and transgression. During these periods where Dr. Jekyll was Mr. Hyde, Hyde had an blow on several of the characters lives inhabiting Stevensons tale. In imagining Hyde, readers argon struck by a great sense of who Hyde is with surprisingly little in the way of physical description. We are reminded of the dwarf-like stature and the impression of deformity Hyde leaves upon his onlookers. We are given few other clues, but one trait of Hydes is almost a certainty-- Hyde possesses simian characteristics. After Utterson hears Enfeilds base of Mr. Hyde running over a child like a Juggernaut, Utterson decides to stalk Mr. Hyde (Stevenson 3). After running into Mr. Hyde, Utterson is struck that the man seems hardly human/Something troglodytic (Stevenson 10). According to the American Heritage Dictionary, troglodytic can be interpreted as a member of a fabulous or prehistoric race of people ...

marx Essay -- essays research papers

     Marxism is a philosophical system developed by Marx and Friedrich Engels. The possibility is also known as dialectical materialism, under which matter gives rise to mind. dialectical materialism is based on social and political institutions progressively changing their nature as economic developments transform material conditions. This is the basis for communism. The reverse theory would be capitalism. While communism in some forms can be traced to various utopian ideas, the theoretical basis for the communist countries is from Karl Marx, an impoverished German, and his colleague Friedrich Engels.     Marx believed that each(prenominal) the evil in the world could be attributed to a class struggle between the "haves," the wealthy, who controlled the means of harvest-feastion and the "have nons," the workers, who actually did the laboring. Marx saw great and greater wealth being concentrated in the hands of fewer and f ewer, while the masses, the workers, were being deprived of the rightful fruits of their labors. Marx envisioned a world union of the works Classes, where the proletariat would arise and overthrow the bosses. Then, with the workers controlling everything, everyone would work to the limits of his (or her) abilities, and everyone would receive all he or she needed.     Marx envisioned this taking place first in the exceedingly industrialized countries of Germany and England, not in largely rural and illiterate Russia. Lenins contribution to Marxist theory was the concept of the weakest link that Russia, as the weak link in the chain of industrialized countries, should be the first to overthrow the bourgeois and establish a dictatorship of the proletariat. As we can see in recent years, things did not go according to his plan.Marxs economic theories were complicated and mostly very wrong. Central to his conception of economics was the labor theory of value. Accordi ng to this theory, the amount a product was worth depended on how much labor was put into it. In reality, a product is worth how much you can sell it for. Marx thought that capitalists, the people who have the means of production, would constantly push to get more and more labor out of workers, the people who comprised the proletariat, so they could get more and more profits.     ... ...rx envisioned, there would not be the need to invest hard work and risks for greater returns. Without motivation and hard work, Utopia is only a dream, and living standards will probably seek the utmost level of subsistence. This has proven true in most all such experiments with communism.     Even the lowest level in a good capitalist rescript gains advantages as the standard of living rises. The rising tide raises all boats. Some boats may not be as grand as new(prenominal)s but are adequate for those who apply their talents and energy. In the Marxist s ocial model, there is a trend toward mediocrity at best and mere survival at worst. aspiration and striving seem to gravitate toward the best of all worlds even for the least of us. We can, in effect, enjoy the fruits of the efforts of others and aid their ascension while enjoying these benefits.      Utopia is a situation of kafkaesque expectations where there is not a drive to excel and compete. A pie that is small and divided evenly is still a small piece of pie. On the other hand, a larger and more magnificent pie has the potential of satisfying needs although the wedge is narrower.

Christmas, Then And Now Essay -- essays research papers

ChristmasAs I slowly awaken from a deep sleep, cool air hits my squinting look and I have the feeling that this is not a practice day. I close my eyes again and ponder for less than a spilt second thusly realize that SANTA CAME LAST NIGHT I throw back the covers, ignoring the cold that would have kept me in bed for hours later on a normal day, and run to the Christmas tree. Without any lights on I quietly examine everything placed under the tree. I notice that Santa had eaten my cookies and drank all my milk. This made me feel as if I had accomplished something more important than world peace I had fed Santa. All my unwrapped gifts that had appeared only overnight had a special aura border them. Something magical. With a perpetual smile I sit and enjoy the look of the tree and all m...

Boundaries...What For? :: Argumentative Science Technology Papers

Boundaries...What For?There seems to be no boundaries when it comes to scientific advancement. Scientists are struggling to come up with new and exciting procedures that are supposed to make our lives better. In the process, I think that they are getting tabu of hand. The advancement of science and technology today has brought up some very interesting and controversial issues.Nowadays, it seems that galore(postnominal) scientists are on a mission to create the perfect human being, but in the process are breaking a lot of honest boundaries. Do scientists know when enough is simply enough?, that is the real question. Through the use of such scientific and technological advancements, its amazing at just what scientists toilette do with the information. Often times they arent thinking in terms of the world but in terms of them selves. Which on of them can discover the next biggest function in science and technology, which can find that cure. Its all a game that is not played fair. T here is a lot of craziness going on in the sciences, and with that comes consequences. Take Dr. Frankenstein for instance. In the article Frankenstein by Mary Shelly, she created a character that defied all the scientific and technological boundaries that were around in those days. It was against the law to work at with dead bodies, especially for the purposes that he was going to use them for which was to select the best parts forthe creature he was going to bring to life. He set out to create a super-human being out of inatimate objects, and he was successful, but in the end did pay a price. He spent two grueling long time that consisted of long days and sleepless nights, for the sole purpose of creating life out of nothing. For this I deprived myself of rest and health, but now I had finished, the beauty of the hallucination vanished, and the breathless horror and disgust filled my heart (Shelly 234). Dr. Frankenstein went way over the line, and tried to play the creator, and i n the end got what he deserved, a monster. He abhorred Frankenstein so much, that he chose to alienate him from the world. Which was really unfair to the monster, considering he was created by the sweat of Dr. Frankensteins brow. Sometimes all that scientific information can get you into trouble. If Dr. Frankenstein had not at peace(p) ahead and pursued the role of playing God, he wouldnt have created such an ugly monster in his eyes.