Role of Traditional Medicine in Third World Countries

Role of handed-down Medicine in Third World CountriesOverviewAccording to the home(a) Aboriginal Health Organisation (NAHO, 2003), the term handed-down was introduced by the British during the colonial era and practically rejected by human organismsy endemical peoples. governing in the industrialised knowledge base utilize the term handed-down medical specialty to distinguish between Western medicinal drug and medical knowledge and practices that were topical anesthetic anaesthetic to indigenous tribes in Africa, southeasterly East Asia and other separate of the third solid ground. Today traditionalistic care for is also referred to as Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). degenerative social, economic and governmental problems in many third world countries means that the vast majority of their populations have little or no access to ultramodern medical resources. By contrast, traditional care for is often available to the masses and may constitute the only available wellness flush resource. This essay discusses the determination of traditional medicine as an essential resource in the third world, with specific reference to Nigeria and Pakistan.Traditional MedicineThere is no universally sure and unambiguous definition of traditional medicine, largely because of differences in culture, language, and medical products and practices across the third world. However, the World Health Organisation defines traditional medicine as health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral establish medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and pr blusht illnesses or harbour headspring-being (WHO, 2003). Traditional medicine generally refers to any medicinal knowledge and practices that arent within the domain of modern day Western medicine. Like modern medicine the ultimate goal of the traditional t herapist is to improve the well being of individuals who present with some undesirable physical or psychological malady (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). However, traditional medicine is unique in that improvements in well-being may incorporate spiritual healing, and whereas western medicine largely relies on science-based knowledge and procedures, traditional medicine is based on local rituals, herbs, and superstitions indigenous to the local community (NAHO, 2003).Traditional medicine may incorporate different fields of expertise. NAHO (2003) identifies some(prenominal) types of specialists, including the spiritualist, herbalist, medicine man/woman, and healer. Spiritualists specialise in spiritual healing, for example by communicating with dead ancestors and performing ritualised sacrifices (e.g. killing a chicken). They often enjoy a certain distributor point of authority within local communities, serving as mentors for individuals or families. Herbalists are perhaps equivalent to phar macists and pharmacologists in western medicine. They are experts on the medicinal properties of local plants and are typically called upon to prepare various medicinal concoctions to cure specific ailments. Such preparations may be in the form of a meal, drink, or even special soap for bathing. Healers are individuals with a natural talent for healing, often through spiritual or other means, perhaps similar to the psychic in Western society. Indeed, thither seems to be a high degree of overlap between healers, and spiritualists, albeit this is debatable and culture-specific. Finally, the medicine man/woman is a traditional healer usually involved in ceremonial activity, such as a funeral. They often carry a lot of material effect, such as inscrutable bundles, bones, and other effects. Chronic shortages of modern health care resources in the third world has led to renewed interest in the role that CAM could play in reducing premature morbidity and mortality.Health care in the thir d wordPopulations living in third world countries are plagued by a variety of health problems. These include childbirth problems such as low birth weight (Arif Arif, 1999), nutritional problems, notably malnutrition, hypoglycaemia and hypothermia (Bhan et al, 2003), kidney indisposition (SantaCruz, 2003), degenerative psychiatrical illnesses such as Hodgkins disease (Hu et al, 1988), hypertension (Galie Rubin, 2004), tobacco-related illness (Tomlinson, 1997), and so on. The prevailing economic, political, social and environmental conditions arent ideal for maintaining good health (Cooper, 1984). Socio-economic inequalities caused by damage economic policies and political corruption has meant that modern medicine is beyond the bump off of the suffering masses. Environmental decadence manifests in poor sanitary conditions, itself a solution (at least in part) of weak economic infrastructure, and political leadership. Governments in many third world countries often spend only a fraction of their crude(a) domestic product (GDP) on health care, so that there is a chronic shortage of both primary and secondary health resources such as clinics, hospitals, staff, and drugs. Health care policies are either absent, in equal or poorly implemented. Lack of adequate funding stifles research and tuition, not withstanding positive emplacement effects like increased creativity (Coloma Harris, 2004).These deplorable conditions have persisted despite massive financial investment by the World Bank. The organisation pays out an estimated $28 zillion annually to third world countries, some of which is meant be used for the development of adequate health infrastructure (Pinker, 2000). But this has had little effect, partly because of government corruption, political instability, and crippling national debts. Moreover, technological change is so rapid that investment in essential medical equipment is not viable, unless there is a regular money flow to finance replacemen ts (Coloma Harris, 2004). Much has been written about the problem of brain drain in which locally trained professionals flee their under-resourced and decaying health care systems to relieve oneself up more lucrative jobs abroad (Fisher, 2003 Latif, 2003 Levy, 2003). Then there is the capitalist constraint. Private companies in the West that support health services, pharmaceuticals, equipment, and other medical resources inquire to make a profit to stay in business. This means selling products to their clients (governments, health service organisations, the general public) at a cost-effective price, which third world countries simply cannot afford. Getting semiprivate companies to sell their health services and products at a loss, for example by provide cheap or free drugs, often requires government intervention and corporate will (Enserink, 2000), both of which are often lacking. In the midst of such adversity traditional medicine may provide the only viable source of health c are.NigeriaModern health care in Nigeria incorporates primary care provided by local government and privately possess clinics, secondary care dispensed by hospitals, and tertiary services (e.g. orthopaedics, psychiatry) provided by specialist hospitals (WHO, 2002-2007). Like many third world countries the health infrastructure is naughtily under funded, with chronic equipment and staff shortages (Kadiri, 2005). Brain drain is a constant problem (Levy, 2003), and adequate health care is expensive and hence beyond the reach of the masses (WHO, 2002-2007). Traditional medicine operates side-by-side with modern health care. Most Nigerians have access to traditional healers, or medicine men, especially in the countrified areas where people lack local health infrastructure and transportation to travel to the nearest clinic or hospital. Thus, CAM is the only health resource available to most Nigerians (Mpyet et al, 2005). Nigeria is actually a melting pot of over 300 different tribes1, with remarkably different languages, cultures, lifestyles, religions and traditional governments (at local level). Thus, the practice of traditional medicine is quite alter across the country. Nevertheless, most medicine men are considered experts in the preparation and administration of various herbal medicines, and the prognosis for patients is often good. The use of herbal drugs rest very popular, especially amongst the older generation and/or less educated.Recent evidence suggests that some Nigerians are suspicious of modern medical procedures and consequently miss to utilise services to which they have access. Raufu (2002) and Pincock (2004) both document a recent health crises in northern Nigeria in which parents refused to get their kids vaccinated against poliomyelitis. There was commodious scepticism about the vaccination campaign, with many parents fearing their children may become infected with the HIV, or worse become infertile, irrespective of what the health offic ials said. This incident seems to mirror a subtle nation-wide cultural shift towards traditional medicine. For example, there have been calls for traditional healers to be involved in making referrals to secondary care services, along side professional medical doctors (Mpyet et al, 2005). The WHO has specifically encouraged research on traditional medicine in Nigeria, and the National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), fixed in Abuja, the capital city, has been identified as a possible location for such research. The NIPRD was set up to conduct research projects designed to improve, refine, and modernise traditional medicine, especially in terms of herbal remedies. The institute has successfully developed some herbal medicines including NIPRD AM-1, a herbal extract for treating malaria.In other parts of the country steps have been taken to blend traditional medicine with modern medical procedures. The Fantsuam Foundation (IHDC, 2003), a womens group foun ded in 1996 and based in northern Nigeria with over 80,000 members, was set up to help rural women fight their way out of poverty. This organisation is not profit oriented, works in collaborationism with local government, and uses modern computer resources, such as electronic commerce. The foundation recognises the value of CAM especially amongst women living in poor communities, and works to reconcile traditional practices with modern medicine. Women in this part of the country are plagued by a variety of health problems ranging from minor ailments (e.g. back pains) to more serious conditions (e.g. HIV/AIDS). Thus, there is an ever-present demand for appropriate health care. Traditional healers are very active, using various emollients and herbs to treat patients. More encouragingly, the Foundations work in the community has highlighted several interesting points concerning the modernisation of traditional medicine. These include the following Some aspects of traditional medicine can be improved for better health service training Traditional healers are open to modernisation initiatives provided there is a sense of partnership and intellectual property rights are protected Traditional medicine as a body of knowledge can be preserved while simultaneously opening it up to tames. Overall, the value of traditional medicine as a widely available health resource is universally recognised in Nigeria.PakistanPakistan like other third world countries suffers from an under funded and under-resourced modern health care system. Poverty-related health problems are rife, including low birth weight (Bhutta et al, 2004), hepatitis (Yusufzai, 2004), sexually transmitted diseases (Wallerstein, 1998) and high infant mortality and malnutrition (Abbasi, 1999). The health care system is dichotomised into the public and private sectors. The former incorporates a mixture of by and large unregulated private hospitals, clinics, and traditional healers, while the public sector is ma de up of government run hospitals, mostly in very poor condition (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). Overall, Pakistans health service system does not compare favourably with its neighbours. Poverty, illiteracy and poor sanitation, as well as political instability compound the problem, with infant mortality and infectious disease particularly problematic (Abbasi, 1999 Zaidi et al, 2004). Historically CAM has been a permanent part of the health care landscape in Pakistan, practised in the form of Unani, Ayurvedic and homeopathic systems (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). Unani medicine entails the use of natural resources normally found in the body, such as clean and fresh water, whereas Ayurveda remedies are sensitive to a womans natural rhythms and cycles.There is particular emphasis in Pakistan on the use of plant-based traditional medicines, albeit animal based products are sometimes used. In the midst of chronic and widespread socio-economic deprivation more and more Pakistanis are turning to tradit ional healers for their health care (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). local anesthetic hakeems, religious leaders and medicine men on a regular basis dispense traditional therapies. These individuals enjoy considerable public trust and respect, especially in the rural areas, and patients regularly present with a wide range of medical conditions including gynaecological problems. According to Jafry (1999) traditional medicine was officially acknowledged in Pakistan under the Unani, Ayurvedic and Homeopathic Practitioners spiel of 1965. The practice of homeopathy in particular has become well established, with increases in the number of homeopathic (privately owned) schools, especially after the Homeopathic Board and National Council for homoeopathy (NCH) was set up. Currently there is an abundance of homeopathic clinics, pharmaceutical companies, and other related organisations in Pakistan. Interestingly, despite these advances Pakistan continues to import homeopathic medicines in large quan tities and local drug prices remain high. Consequently many Pakistanis cannot afford homeopathic treatment. Like the modern health care system which is heavily under funded ((Abbasi, 1999), homeopathic medicine remains crippled by under investment (Jafry, 1999). Despite these drawbacks, CAM as a whole remains more accessible than modern health resources, and constitutes an of the essence(p) resource for the vast majority of the population (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005).ExploitationNAHO (2003) has identified a number of important concerns that need to be recognised if CAM is to be successfully compound with modern medicine in developing nations. Firstly it is essential to recognise the important role played by the elderly, who form the bulk of spiritual healers and medicine men. Less common in Western culture, high reverence for elders in many third world countries is a major reason traditional medicine enjoys considerable public endorsement. Secondly, there is the risk of exploitation by unscrupulous western private enterprise. In particular it would be wholly inappropriate in a cash economy for a private pharmaceutical company, concerned about making a quick profit, to offer symbolic but manky gifts to a traditional healer in return for valuable knowledge on local medicines, ointments and herbs. Thirdly, there is the issue of intellectual property rights. These must be protected under any circumstances, again to avoid unfair exploitation and profiteering by private companies. Health care funding provided to third world governments by the WHO, World Bank, and other financial organisations should be conditional on the establishment and implementation of satisfactory protective policies. For example independent (e.g. WHO) officials can be used to supervise contracts that are drawn up between private enterprises and traditional healer groups.ConclusionsAs early as 1984 Cooper argued that Western medicine index not really be suitable for the third world (Cooper, 1984 ). Despite the rapid spread of modern medicine CAM remains an indispensable resource for providing adequate health care to the majority of individuals living in these countries. Socio-economic and political problems have heavily limited access to modern health care. However, considerable progress has being made towards harness the potential of traditional medicine, for example by allowing traditional healers to make hospital referrals. Both the WHO and World Bank seem committed to promoting the development of CAM. Given the complexity and variability of health provision across the third world it may be necessary to tailor health care reform to the peculiar requirements of each country (Buch, 2005). Traditional medicine is firmly rooted in local culture and customs (NAHO, 2003), and therefore traditional health protocols cannot be generalised across nations. Additionally, concerns about equality, protection rights, and other ethical issues need to be addressed.ReferencesAbbasi, K. 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