Adjectives and Word Order in Spanish

Adjectives and Word Order in Spanish It is often said that adjectives come after nouns in Spanish. But this isnt entirely true - some types of adjectives frequently or always come before the nouns they modify, and some can be placed either before or after nouns. Often, the determining factor in an adjectives placement is its purpose in the sentence. Beginners usually dont have much difficulty with the placement of numbers, indefinite adjectives (words like /each and algunos/some) and adjectives of quantity (such as mucho/much and pocos/few), which precede nouns in both languages. The main difficulty facing beginners is with descriptive adjectives. Students often learn that they are placed after the noun (which they usually are), but then they are surprised to find when theyre reading real Spanish outside their textbooks that adjectives are often used before the nouns they modify. Tip for beginners: Most of the material in this lesson is more appropriate for intermediate students than for beginners. If youre new to learning Spanish, it isnt important at this point to memorize the rules. What is important to remember is that while descriptive adjectives usually follow the nouns they modify, if one appears before the noun in something written or said by a native speaker its probably not a mistake, and there is probably a reason why the adjective is where it is. Most of the words we think of as adjectives are descriptive adjectives, words that impart a quality of some sort to the noun. Most of them can appear either before or after a noun, and here is the general rule for where: After the noun: If an adjective classifies a noun, that is, if it is used to distinguish that particular person or object from others that could be represented by the same noun, it is placed after the noun. Adjectives of color, nationality, and affiliation (such as of religion or political party) usually fit in this category, as do many others. A grammarian might say in these cases that the adjective restricts the noun. Before the noun: If the main purpose of the adjective is to reinforce the meaning of the noun, to impart emotional effect on the noun, or to convey appreciation of some sort for the noun, then the adjective often is placed before the noun. A grammarian might say these are adjectives used nonrestrictively. Another way of looking at it is that placement before the noun often indicates a subjective quality (one dependent on the view of the person speaking) rather than an objective (demonstrable) one. Keep in mind that this is a general rule only, and sometimes there is no discernible reason for a speakers choice of word order. But you can see some of the common differences in usage in the following examples: la luz fluorescente (the fluorescent light) - Fluorescente is a category or classification of light, so it follows luz. un hombre mexicano (a Mexican man) - Mexicano serves to classify un hombre, in this case by nationality. La blanca nieve estaba por todas partes. (The white snow was everywhere.) - Blanca (white) reinforces the meaning of nieve (snow) and could also impart an emotional effect. Es ladrà ³n condenado. (He is a convicted thief.) - Condenado (convicted) distinguishes the ladrà ³n (thief) from others and is an objective quality.  ¡Condenada computadora! (Blasted computer!) - Condenada is used for emotional effect, making it emphatically subjective. For this reason, most vulgar adjectives of disparagement precede the nouns they describe. To see how word order could make a difference, examine the following two sentences: Me gusta tener un cà ©sped verde. (I like having a green lawn.) Me gusta tener un verde cà ©sped. (I like having a green lawn.) The difference between these two sentences is subtle and not readily translated. Depending on the context, the first might be translated as I like having a green lawn (as opposed to a brown one), while the second might be translated as I like having a green lawn (as opposed to not having a lawn) or I like having a beautiful lawn. In the first sentence, the placement of verde (green) after cà ©sped (lawn) indicates a classification. In the second sentence verde, by being placed first, reinforces the meaning of cà ©sped and indicates some aesthetic appreciation. The effects of word order indicate why some adjectives are translated into English differently depending on their location. For example, un amigo viejo usually is translated as a friend who is old, while un viejo amigo is usually translated as a longtime friend, indicating some emotional appreciation. Similarly, un hombre grande is usually translated as a big man, while un gran hombre is a great man, indicating a subjective quality rather than an objective one. (Grande, when it precedes a singular noun, is shorted to gran.) As you continue your studies, you will come across about another dozen adjectives that are similar. Final note: If an adjective is modified by an adverb, it follows the noun. Compro un coche muy caro.  (I am buying a very expensive car.)

A Substantive Editor Is a Writers Coach

A Substantive Editor Is a Writers Coach A Substantive Editor Is a Writer’s Coach A Substantive Editor Is a Writer’s Coach By Mark Nichol Various editorial job titles abound editorial director, managing editor, senior editor, for starters but one you probably won’t see on a business card is â€Å"substantive editor.† Yet it’s the most important responsibility in the editorial process. Why, then, is it so obscure? The answer is simple: Substantive editing is a function undertaken by people identified by any of an array of other job titles (including senior editor). The substantive editor is often the first point of contact for a writer seeking to be published. At a periodical, the person assigning or accepting articles or essays known as a senior editor, a features editor, or the like does the substantive editing. In a book-publishing company, an acquisitions editor may negotiate a book deal with the writer and/or the writer’s literary agent, but it is the substantive editor often, in that environment, called a developmental editor who actually helps the writer polish the manuscript that earned them the publishing contract. (Sometimes the acquisitions editor is also the substantive editor.) This significant step in the editorial process involves at least one intensive reading of the content, followed by correspondence and an exchange of drafts that is more or less extensive depending on the publication, the timeline, and the condition of each successive draft. The substantive editor helps the writer tighten a manuscript’s scope, helping them focus on what works and what doesn’t by either revising or directing revisions of, or deleting or suggesting deletion of, passages or even entire chapters. The editor recommends reordering of chapters in nonfiction, or adding of scenes or dropping of subplots in fiction, and asks questions and makes comments that help clarify the writer’s objective or express their message. Substantive editing includes ensuring that writing is well organized and flows easily, and coaching the writer on sentence structure and word choice. For a fiction manuscript, the substantive editor works with the writer on plot, tone, character, setting, and other components of a novel or short story. Moreover, the editor helps the writer express a thesis or set the stage for a story, and reach a conclusion or bring a tale to a close and everything in between. The editor will make sure that nonfiction conveys authority and fiction supports character motivation. In sum, the substantive editor is the writer’s collaborator and their greatest ally. The editor shares the writer’s desire to succeed in crafting the best possible content. Writers even talented, established writers must remind themselves that whenever an editor suggests a course contrary to the writer’s wishes, the advice is generally sound. Some self-publishers essay writers, for the most part can get away without participating in this type of relationship, but the work of authors who produce a print or online book without such collaboration almost invariably suffer. Call me biased, but if something is worth publishing, it’s worth publishing well. Make sure a substantive editor is part of your team. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:16 Substitutes for â€Å"Because† or â€Å"Because Of†How to Punctuate Descriptions of ColorsPassed vs Past