The Lasting Effect Of The Crusades Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly The impact of the Crusades of early European history are the topic of muchcontroversy. Through the scrutiny of three different paperss of those events, sentiments of at least three different natures have been formed. One believes that these holy wars were so good for the civilization, while another would take a firm stand that they were asham, a fraud intended to merely beef up the clasp of the pontificate. The other believes thatthey were perchance the greatest shame that organized faith has seen. The first authorship on the topic, The Crusade s Widen Europe s Horizon takesthe side of the campaigns, supporting them as a profitable investing on the portion of theEuropeans. The writer states that Both the Moslems and the Christians learned a greatdeal from each other. His grounds includes many architectural, strategical, economicaland manner thoughts that civilizations exchanged and used during and after the wars. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lasting Effect Of The Crusades Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page TheChristian Godheads busying the sanctum land had 200 old ages in which they could construct castlesand unrecorded. These castle employed both manners of the West in add-on to those of the easternByzantine and Arab civilizations. Besides, the celebrated stained-glass Windowss found in westernchurches and cathedrals were originally an Arabic manner, which the occupying Christiansadapted for their ain usage. The find of besieging tactics, illustrated in most novels andmovies as a European invention, were really learned from the Moslems, who usedcross-bows, combustibles, and bearer pigeons for communicating intents. New goodsbrought into the market led to better economical developments. Faster ships were built foreasier transit, and the first international Bankss were invented. These Bankss allowedmerchants to lodge their financess in one metropolis, and so retreat them upon making one ofthe trading metropoliss, Constantinople or Acre. Called Templars, these Bankss allowed for amuch m ore efficient system of trading. Finally, the writer points out the influence on thestyle of the reformers. The usage of aromas became popular, as did the local clothingtrends in add-on to oriental carpets, tapestries, and rugs. Despite the positive viewpointof the papers, the writer does non, nevertheless, seek to deny the negative consequence of theCrusades. He states that From a strictly military point of position, the Crusades must bewritten off as a failure for the West # 8230 ; His logical thinking is a consequence of the fact that after all thechanging of custodies happening over the 200 twelvemonth period, the district reverted to Moslemcontrol for good. He thinks of the Crusades as an investing by the westerners that, in theend, payed off. The 2nd papers examined, Western Civilization, expresses a feeling thatthe campaigns were, merely put, a gag. The writer, William L. Langer, states that all theCrusades accomplished was fring the universe or troublesome knights. In his p osition, theentire event was a complete and arrant failure, chiefly due to the fact that the Crusader sfailed in their mission to change over the holy land to Christian control. He besides denies anyconnection between the enlightenment in Europe and the Crusades. He states thatalthough the Renaissance began during the clip of the Crusades, the development ofwestern Europe did non come from Jerusalem, but from Sicily and Spain. The Crusaders in Jerusalem were largely merchandisers and soldiers and were non truly interested in larning. Alternatively, these soldiers and merchandisers spent their clip worrying about doing a profit.Also, the development of trade between the two civilizations was non a consequence of the Crusades, and had begun over a hundred old ages antecedently. The writer doesn T deny, nevertheless, thehastening of eastern commercial development as a consequence of the Crusades, but claims thatthe cost of directing soldiers to the East in add-on to the expensive gusta tory sensations acquired upon geting at that place outweighed the trade benefits, and ruined many European nobles. Althoughthe victory of the first crusade brought a new sense of pride and faith into the papacy, inthe long run, it hurt the church immensely. Pope s began using the Crusades as an excuseto conquer land or raise taxes, anything to improve their own political standings.Christians were horrified by this twisting of the holy war, and raised a voice in protest.This caused the papacy to lose a great deal of its moral prestige, leading to the overalldecline of Christianity in the west. Despite his negative philosophy about the Crusades, theauthor does admit the connection between them and the development of popular romanticpoetry. On numerous occasions, soldiers returning from the east brought with them storiesof courage, bravery and the sad fate of capture on the part of the crusaders in the form ofsongs. He also admits that the knights did adopt the clothing, living, and architecturalstyles of the east. Basically, he believes that the Crusades were a schem e created by thepapacy to gain popularity, and in the long run riches and a more powerful grip on thepeople. In the third document, Where the Crusades Live On, Anton La Guarda expresseshis feeling that the Crusades were an unnecessary excuse for religious based violence. Heuses examples of mass slaughters. For example, he tells of the fateful day of July 5, 1099,when the Crusaders finally broke through the defenses of Jerusalem. They celebrated byslaughtering all inhabitants of the city. They took pride in this, because killing Moslemsand Jews was considered zealous. The author also professes his concern for the Crusadesbeing a metaphor for glory and bravery as well as romantic ideals. He states that the term Crusade is over and incorrectly used in such contexts as crusades against aids,corruption, and world poverty, in that those are worthwhile causes, whereas theCrusades were not. Also, he talks about the murder of countless Jews as a prelude to theholy war. However, today the chu rches and castles built by the Crusaders serve as greatsources of tourist revenue for the countries they are located in. The author believes theCrusades to be a vast fiasco, based completely on ignorance, greed, and jealousy. Heuses excerpts from writings that include the following: †¦much courage and so little honor, so much devotion and so littleunderstanding†¦ †¦intolerance in the name of god, which is the Sin against the holy ghost. He states that the crusaders left a legacy of enmity(hatred.) Also significant inthe article is the use of a writing by Amin Maalouf, who uses the claims that any actiontaken against the westerners would be considered no more than legitimate vengeance. La Guarda goes on to accuse the widening schism on the Crusades, by stating that theknights sacking Constantinople led to the Moslem control of the Byzantine empire. All inall, La Guarda s view of the Crusades is one of animosity. He thinks of them as a disgraceto Christianity, stating t hat while Christians have so much, Moslems have so little. Heexplains that freedom is a luxury to most Moslems, and even a decent standard of livingseems unattainable. He compares the Crusaders to the Mongols, implying that they weresavages bent on personal gain, not chivalrous soldiers fighting in the name of god. Hisview is that the crusades were an excuse to slaughter countless masses of non-believers,and that the fact that the modern Catholic and entertainment world looks upon them asglorious is a shame. Three documents, with three different views. None are right, none are wrong. Onthe one hand, many things were accomplished by the crusades, on the other, many thingswere destroyed. Depending on one s heritage, on one s upraising, and one s personality,one must come up with his or her own view, because there is no single right and wrong.Too much happened on both sides to make a one sided opinion, and that s what this essayis about.

Understanding Confidence Intervals

Understanding Confidence Intervals Inferential statistics gets its name from what happens in this branch of statistics. Rather than simply describe a set of data, inferential statistics seeks to infer something about a population on the basis of a statistical sample. One specific goal in inferential statistics involves the determination of the value of an unknown population parameter. The range of values that we use to estimate this parameter is called a confidence interval. The Form of a Confidence Interval A confidence interval consists of two parts. The first part is the estimate of the population parameter. We obtain this estimate by using a simple random sample. From this sample, we calculate the statistic that corresponds to the parameter that we wish to estimate. For example, if we were interested in the mean height of all first-grade students in the United States, we would use a simple random sample of U.S. first graders, measure all of them and then compute the mean height of our sample. The second part of a confidence interval is the margin of error. This is necessary because our estimate alone may be different from the true value of the population parameter. In order to allow for other potential values of the parameter, we need to produce a range of numbers. The margin of error does this, and every confidence interval is of the following form: Estimate  ± Margin of Error The estimate is in the center of the interval, and then we subtract and add the margin of error from this estimate to obtain a range of values for the parameter. Confidence Level Attached to every confidence interval is a level of confidence. This is a probability or percent that indicates how much certainty we should be attributed to our confidence interval. If all other aspects of a situation are identical, the higher the confidence level the wider the confidence interval. This level of confidence can lead to some confusion. It is not a statement about the sampling procedure or population. Instead, it is giving an indication of the success of the process of construction of a confidence interval. For example, confidence intervals with confidence of 80 percent will, in the long run, miss the true population parameter one out of every five times. Any number from zero to one could, in theory, be used for a confidence level. In practice 90 percent, 95 percent and 99 percent are all common confidence levels. Margin of Error The margin of error of a confidence level is determined by a couple of factors. We can see this by examining the formula for margin of error. A margin of error is of the form: Margin of Error (Statistic for Confidence Level) * (Standard Deviation/Error) The statistic for the confidence level depends upon what probability distribution is being used and what level of confidence we have chosen. For example, if Cis our confidence level and we are working with a normal distribution, then C is the area under the curve between -z* to z*. This number z* is the number in our margin of error formula. Standard Deviation or Standard Error The other term necessary in our margin of error is the standard deviation or standard error. The standard deviation of the distribution that we are working with is preferred here. However, typically parameters from the population are unknown. This number is not usually available when forming confidence intervals in practice. To deal with this uncertainty in knowing the standard deviation we instead use the standard error. The standard error that corresponds to a standard deviation is an estimate of this standard deviation. What makes the standard error so powerful is that it is calculated from the simple random sample that is used to calculate our estimate. No extra information is necessary as the sample does all of the estimation for us. Different Confidence Intervals There are a variety of different situations that call for confidence intervals. These confidence intervals are used to estimate a number of different parameters. Although these aspects are different, all of these confidence intervals are united by the same overall format. Some common confidence intervals are those for a population mean, population variance, population proportion, the difference of two population means and the difference of two population proportions.

Aristotelian Tragedy Macbeth

Many of Shakespeare’s plays follow Aristotelian ideas of tragedy, for instance Macbeth does a decent job in shadowing Aristotle’s model. Aristotle describes one of the most important elements of a tragedy to be a tragic hero. The tragic hero however must present certain qualities such as nobility and virtue. In the play Macbeth, Macbeth is a perfect example of a tragic hero. Macbeth begins the play coming home from battle, he is said to have fought with great courage and King Duncan himself awards him the title of the thane of Cawdor in reward for his bravery. The qualities make Macbeth a tragic hero as he possesses not only a noble title, but also the assets of a great warrior and hero. However, Aristotle emphasizes that if the tragic hero was as perfect as he seems than the audience would not be able to identify with him and this would not be considered a tragedy. Macbeth shows us his humanity very early in the play when he learns that Malcolm, Duncan’s son, will be the heir to the throne of Scotland. In response, Macbeth acknowledges that he himself should be awarded the crown and will not rest until royalty is his. Macbeth is an ambitious character, which is a quality that many humans can identify with. This ambitiousness is known as Macbeth’s tragic flaw. This leads to Aristotle’s next component of a tragedy, the tragic flaw. The hero’s tragic flaw must lead to the downfall of the character; his demise can be caused by no one other than himself. Macbeth’s ambitious personality leads him to become caught up in attaining power for himself. Macbeth’s ruthless behavior causes him to commit murder to Duncan in order to gain kingship. Even after his wish comes true, he continues to sacrifice the lives of others, including his close friend Banquo, to assure that he never loses his throne. However, Macbeth does not go unpunished as he suffers countless dreams and illusions that drive him to insanity. The loss of his wife also brings Macbeth to his final denouement. In the end, Macbeth is killed by Macduff; because of his arrogance he believed he was invincible even after being told his fate. Macbeth reaches his end through the same way he lived his life, through murder and deception. Many argue over the fairness of Macbeth’s life, but the goal of a tragedy in Aristotle’s view point is to strike fear and pity in the audience through harsh punishment upon the hero in extreme ways. Finally, Aristotle claims that in order for a tragedy to be effective, the fear and pity must be released from the audience through catharsis. First the tragic hero must gain some knowledge from his tragic life. Macbeth shows this self-realization in his ‘yellow leaf’ soliloquy when he expresses remorse for his actions. Also, in the end he knows he must fight until the end whether his fate is death. At this point the audience is cleansed of the emotions of the plot and the tragedy is finished. Macbeth is a primary example of a typical Aristotelian tragedy. It follows the structure necessary from the tragic hero, to his downfall and ultimately to the catharsis necessary for an original Greek drama. The aspects of this play are a perfect example of the tragedies of that era. Aristotelian Tragedy Macbeth Many of Shakespeare’s plays follow Aristotelian ideas of tragedy, for instance Macbeth does a decent job in shadowing Aristotle’s model. Aristotle describes one of the most important elements of a tragedy to be a tragic hero. The tragic hero however must present certain qualities such as nobility and virtue. In the play Macbeth, Macbeth is a perfect example of a tragic hero. Macbeth begins the play coming home from battle, he is said to have fought with great courage and King Duncan himself awards him the title of the thane of Cawdor in reward for his bravery. The qualities make Macbeth a tragic hero as he possesses not only a noble title, but also the assets of a great warrior and hero. However, Aristotle emphasizes that if the tragic hero was as perfect as he seems than the audience would not be able to identify with him and this would not be considered a tragedy. Macbeth shows us his humanity very early in the play when he learns that Malcolm, Duncan’s son, will be the heir to the throne of Scotland. In response, Macbeth acknowledges that he himself should be awarded the crown and will not rest until royalty is his. Macbeth is an ambitious character, which is a quality that many humans can identify with. This ambitiousness is known as Macbeth’s tragic flaw. This leads to Aristotle’s next component of a tragedy, the tragic flaw. The hero’s tragic flaw must lead to the downfall of the character; his demise can be caused by no one other than himself. Macbeth’s ambitious personality leads him to become caught up in attaining power for himself. Macbeth’s ruthless behavior causes him to commit murder to Duncan in order to gain kingship. Even after his wish comes true, he continues to sacrifice the lives of others, including his close friend Banquo, to assure that he never loses his throne. However, Macbeth does not go unpunished as he suffers countless dreams and illusions that drive him to insanity. The loss of his wife also brings Macbeth to his final denouement. In the end, Macbeth is killed by Macduff; because of his arrogance he believed he was invincible even after being told his fate. Macbeth reaches his end through the same way he lived his life, through murder and deception. Many argue over the fairness of Macbeth’s life, but the goal of a tragedy in Aristotle’s view point is to strike fear and pity in the audience through harsh punishment upon the hero in extreme ways. Finally, Aristotle claims that in order for a tragedy to be effective, the fear and pity must be released from the audience through catharsis. First the tragic hero must gain some knowledge from his tragic life. Macbeth shows this self-realization in his ‘yellow leaf’ soliloquy when he expresses remorse for his actions. Also, in the end he knows he must fight until the end whether his fate is death. At this point the audience is cleansed of the emotions of the plot and the tragedy is finished. Macbeth is a primary example of a typical Aristotelian tragedy. It follows the structure necessary from the tragic hero, to his downfall and ultimately to the catharsis necessary for an original Greek drama. The aspects of this play are a perfect example of the tragedies of that era.

Disition making Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Disition making - Statistics Project Example cted and the demand is low, the option of doing nothing will earn the company a profit of 140,000 or stimulating the demand via the local advertising. The feedback of advertising can either be modest or sizeable with their corresponding probabilities estimated at 0.3 and 0.7. When the advertising is modest the profit will be 70000, and if the advertising id sizable the profit will grow to 770,000. Consequently, assuming the facility to be built is larger, and the demand happens to be high, the recorded profit will be 280,000. The paper therefore, draws the help for the Director of Research and Development Department at Al Karim to decide on the best decision by embarking on the decision that will maximize the profit of the organization. The paper further draws the decision tree for the current situation of the company. Additionally, the paper calculates the anticipated revenue for the alternative (Fitzgerald, 2002). The sole objective of Al-Karim Inc. in the manufacturing industry is to make and maximize profits. The profits are gained from the operation of the company’s daily activities. The company operation involves producing Cleaning Vacuums in Qatar. The company through the office of the Research and Development Department will consider building a facility that will have positive revenue returns from its operation. The amount of profit that the company will earn depends on the demand of the product in the anticipated locations of Doha. Assuming the smaller facility brings forth a higher return than the larger facility, then the company will resolve on the same and vice versa. The choice of facilities depends on various variables like the demand, the probability of certainties, the external factors like advertising response, and the profit that comes along with the variables. The company will use the decision tree find out the best choice out of the alternatives. The choice of the fa cility will completely depend on the amount of the expected profit from the

Kepplewray project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Kepplewray project - Essay Example The team management experience at Kepplewray shall now be explored in depth. Teams have been traditionally defined as â€Å"dynamic, emergent and adaptive† units that are rooted in systems involving multiple levels (Kozlowski & Ilgen, 2006). The Kepplewray project also required us to form teams that adapt to multiple situations such as climbing on uneven rocks, aiming at the right target and jumping into the water. As part of this project, all team members were required to engage in activities such as Ghyll Scrambles, Rock Climbing, Abseiling, Canoeing, Archery, Mountain Walking and Tree Climbing. However, this project was not merely a venue for recreation but also a venue for learning team management with diverse members as it brought together both disabled and non-disabled individuals. One of the first steps in this project was that of building a team. This is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of the team, satisfy members’ needs and enhance work conditions (Brawley & Paskevich, 1997). Tuckman has explained the stages of team development as forming, storming, norming and performing which occur as the team sets goals, expands, faces challenges, tackles issues and finds their solutions and delivers the output (O'Connell & Cuthbertson, 2009). Although Tuckman suggests storming to be the most difficult stage, performing proved to be the most difficult stage in our case (Scholtes et al., 2003). While forming a team, identifying the issues (in this case the problem of climbing up steep rocks and canoeing in fast waters) or setting mutual goals was not a problem, executing tasks such as abseiling was. At the very least, group dynamism was weak as some individuals lacked energy and vitality to take up challenges owing to fear. It is believed that successful coaches possess the quality of creating and developing a vision that incorporates the differing levels of ability amongst group members as well as varying motivations, perceptions and personal characteristics (Desjardins, 1996). Good visions have the power of enhancing t he emotional commitment of group members and uniting them around a task (Stevens, 2002). Since our group also contained individuals who were either disabled or obese, our coach set realistic targets and assigned certain activities such as abseiling only to those individuals who were not obese. This way group conflict was minimized. Cohesion has primarily been defined as social cohesion (the extent to which team members â€Å"like each other† and task cohesion (the extent to which members work together to achieve common objectives) (Hodge, 1995). Although social cohesion was weak at first, as time passed a positive environment was created as members got to know each other and started interacting. Task cohesion was also reflected in instances where one of us got stuck while climbing the mountain which urged one of my friends to assist that person so that he could catch up with us. Role acceptance also generates significant challenges for the team. Furthermore, role clarity and role acceptance are generally interrelated (Weinberg & Gould, 2011). One of the major issues our team faced was who will do what? There was a lot of ambiguity initially; however, right before the activities were to start the coach clarified everyone’s roles which enhanced our team’s cohesion. Although everyone would be a part of the activities, someone had to lead the team and coordinate with the coach. While climbing for instance, one of the leaders was supposed to be behind the team and one was

Theory of Parabolas Essay Example for Free

Theory of Parabolas Essay A parabola is designed on a basic formula, Y=ax^2+bx+c, which allows it to achieve a curve not seen in a normal line graphed using a Y=mx+b format. To the left is a graph who’s formula is y=x^2, where a=1, b=0, and c=0. I have isolated the (a) factor to see its effects on the parabola. Below is a graph where I have changed the (a) multiple times. The result is that as the (a) decreases, the mouth of the parabola widens due to the fact that (a) is essentially the slope of the parabola. Now, watch what happens when the (a) becomes negative. Now the mouth of the parabola is opening down and as we increase (a), the parabola widens. When (a)1, the parabola closes up horizontally. So from this, we can infer that if (a) is 0, then the result will be a straight line going along the X axis which is no longer a parabola. Now we will look at how the (b) factor changes the parabola, below is the origional graph from the top of the paper except the red line represents the same parabola with a (b) added onto it. The original equation was Y=x^2(blue line) and the new equation is Y=x^2+x(red line). The change is moving the vertex of the parabola left ? and down ? but the shape of the parabola it’s self is unchanged. Here are some other examples of changing (b) in a parabola with a steady (a) As seen in the graph, (b) only moves the parabola to the sides and down (as the numbers increase, the vertex moves left and down and decreasing is vice versa), but somehow fails to move the parabola up past the point X=0 on its own (making the (a) negative will flip the parabola). So now we have a slope (a) and a vertex (b), but we still need our Y-intercept which will be our (c) As shown from the graph, our parabolas Y-intercepts match up with our (c) factor, completing the equation -Fun fact, the word parabola came from the Greek words para, meaning beside, and bole, meaning to throw

Courage Shown In The Book To K :: essays research papers

Courage Shown In The Novel   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do you think that courage is an important part of a novel? Well in the book, To Kill A Mockingbird, much courage was shown. Courage is standing up for what you believe in, or doing something that is hard and takes many obstacles to overcome, or can be as little as saying, â€Å"No† to someone. Atticus, Jem, and Boo showed much courage in the novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, one of the main characters, Atticus, showed much courage. The first thing in the book that shows it is what he did to a tradition in his family. For many years the Finch family had a custom that the oldest one would stay on the land. Atticus didn’t want to and broke a family tradition that was kept for a long time. I know that I wouldn’t be able to have that much courage to break a tradition that was kept in my family for that long. Another way that Atticus shows courage is by defending Tom Robinson. No other man in Maycomb would defend him. Atticus stood up for what he believed in, and did the right thing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Also, Jem shows a lot of courage throughout the novel. He was the one that touched Boo’s house and also went to his house late at night to go to the Radley’s house. He also read for one of the meanest people in Maycomb, Mrs. Dubose. Even though it was a punishment to make him read to her, he could have been miserable about it. After a while though he thought it wasn’t to bad. He was reading to the meanest person, and doing it with no complaints, after a little. He also shows a lot of courage by going to the trial of Tom Robinson with Scout and Dill. He knew that he wasn’t supposed to go to it but did anyway, because he wanted to see what it was like.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally, Boo Radley showed the most courage, in my point of view. When he went out that night to save Scout and Jem from Bob Ewell, it was the first time in a long time that anyone has saw his face. Also, I think that he

History of Internet Essay

The term ‘Internet’ was coined on October 24, 1995. However the origin of the internet and related concepts are much older. The present day Internet is the revolutionized face of the nascent day communication system and is the most successful examples of benefits of sustained investment and commitment to information infrastructure (Leiner et al. , 2003). The unprecedented integration of collaboration, dissemination embarked by a series of gradual changes that the society has undergone with respect to the communication and connectivity needs. As described by Kristula (1997), it was in 1957 that the USA formed ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) within the DoD (Department of Defence) to establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the military. Until 1960’s, the computers operated almost exclusively in batch mode, where programs were punched on stacks of cards and assembled into batches for the data to be fed in the local computer center. The need for the time sharing system had already set the stage for research and development work to make the time sharing possible on the computer systems. In an article, Hauben (1995), stated that the time sharing system led the foundation for the Interactive Computing, where the user could communicate and respond to the computer’s responses in a way that batch processing did not allow. Both Robert Taylor and Larry Roberts, future successors of Licklider as director of ARPA’s IPTO (Information Processing Techniques Office), pinpoint Licklider as the originator of the vision which set ARPA’s priorities and goals and basically drove ARPA to help develop the concept and practice of networking computers. Licklider has been described as the father of modern day network, having laid the seeds of the Intergalactic network, the initial prototype of the Internet today. The vision of the interconnection and interaction of diverse communities guided the creation of the original ARPANET. The APRANET pioneered important breakthroughs in computer networking technology and the ability to collaborate and use dispersed resources (Winston, 1998). In 1962, Paul Baran, a RAND research worker introduced the concept of ‘Packet Switching’, while working towards the need of the U.  S. government to take command and control of any kind of nuclear attack. Packet switching was crucial to realization of computer networks and described breaking down of data into ’message blocks’ known as packets / datagrams, which were labeled to indicate the origin and the destination. Baran’s scheme was aided by telephone exchange methodology being used by information theory. The data was now sent in discrete packages around a network to achieve the same result – a more even flow of data through the entire network. The same concept also developed by British computer pioneer Donald Watt known as Davies’s Pilot Ace. Baran’s Distributive Adaptive Message Blockswitching became Watt Davies’s ‘Packet Switching’. The first host connected to the ARPANET was the SDS Sigma-7 on Sept. 2, 1969 at the UCLA (University of California in Los Angeles) site. It began passing bits to other sites at SRI (SDS-940 at Stanford Research Institute), UCSB (IBM 360/75 at University of California Santa Barbara), and Utah (Dec PDP-10 at the University of Utah). This was the first physical network and was wired together via 50 Kbps circuits. ARPANET at this stage used NCP (Network Control Protocol). By 1973, development began on TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) and then in 1974, the term ‘Internet’ was used in a paper on TCP/IP. The development of Ethernet, in 1976, supported high speed movement of data using coaxial cables and led the foundation for the LAN (Local Area Network). Packet satellite project, SATNET, went live connecting the US with Europe. Around the same time, UUCP (Unix –to-Unix Co Py) was being developed by AT&T Bell Labs. The need to link together those in Unix Community triggered the development of the Usenet in 1979. Using homemade auto dial modems and the UUCP, the Unix shell and the find command (that were being distributed with the Unix OS), Bellovin, wrote some simple shell scripts to have the computers automatically call each other up and search for changes in the date stamps of the files. The Usenet was primarily organized around News net and was called as the ‘Poor Man’s ARPANET’, since joining ARPANET needed political connections was costly too. Woodbury, a Usenet pioneer from Duke University, described how â€Å"News allowed all interested persons to read the discussion, and to (relatively) easily inject a comment and to make sure that all participants saw it. † However, owing to the slow speed, the coding language was soon changed to ‘C’, thus becoming the first released version of Usenet in C programming popularly known as A News. By 1983, TCP/IP replaced NCP entirely and the DNS (Domain Name System) was created so that the packets could be directed to a domain name where it would be translated by the server database into the corresponding IP number. Links began to be created between the ARPANET and the Usenet as a result of which the number of sites on the Usenet grew. New T1 lines were laid by NSF (National Science Foundation). The Usenet took an unexpected explosion, from 2 articles per day posted on 3 sites in 1979, to 1800 articles per day posted at 11000 sites by 1988. By 1990, the T3 lines (45 Kbps capacity) replaced the T1 lines and the NSFNET formed the new backbone replacing the ARPANET. The beginning of 1992 marked the establishment of a chartered Internet Society and the development of the World Wide Web. The first graphical user interface, named ‘Mosaic for X,’ was developed on the World Wide Web. By 1994, the Commercialization of the Internet emerged in the form of the first ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode) was installed on the NSFNET. The free access of the NSFNET was blocked and fee was imposed on domains. This describes the series of events that shaped the history for the past two decades, ever since Internet came into existence. The Internet technology is continuously changing to accommodate the needs of yet another generation of underlying network technology. Hoping that the process of evolution will manage itself, we look forward to a new paradigm of Internet Services.

Apush Dbq American Revolution

Though some may try to argue that the American Revolution was not a real revolution since the upper class was not displaced, it was in fact a revolution because it transferred power from an entrenched British monarchy into the hands of local state legislatures. The American Revolution was representative of a great change which occurred in the way that in Britain, parliament viewed Americans as a small cluster of people who could be taxed without representation, to where in America the government was able to see how each individual could contribute to the economy, government, and the overall well-being of America.This idea came about from the increasingly more harsh and authoritarian taxes that were being placed on the colonies, without representation, from British monarchy. In reaction to the Tea Act, one of the taxes placed on imported goods to America, the New York Sons of Liberty wrote several resolutions to protest against it.These resolutions were signed by all different social classes, which signifies a change in society, because while in Britain only the wealthy and educated were permitted to participate in governmental choices, a very broad spectrum of society was able to be an active participant in how they wanted their government to be run. Although the lower class was not necessarily in congress, their ideas were able to represented by the people that they elected to express their ideas.Some who wish to argue the idea that the American Revolution was not a full revolution may bring into light the women of the revolution, and how there was not a huge change for them. Even though their was not an extremely significant change for them, American women were given a multitude of rights that were not given to women in Britain at the time. The women of America were able to go out to war with the men to protect them, and at times even take their place when a man was wounded and could not fulfill his duties on the battlefield.Additionally, they were often left in charge of the business and upholding of the household when their husbands went out to war. In summation, American women played many roles that were not typical of them in that time period; showing a revolutionary new way of thinking that involved women. After the surrender at Yorktown, a cartoon by James Gillray was made as a warning to the British that since they were able to defeat the British once, they could do it again should they try to overtake America and their freedoms again.While this act in itself was not a revolution, it was representative of the revolutionary ideas in the works of the United States of America. The American Revolution was the transference of power from a monarchial government to that of a representative democracy that was able to reflect the ideas and desires of all free white men of America; indicating that it was in actuality a revolution and not an expeditious rebellion.

Biography of Yohji Yamamoto

Biography of Yohji Yamamoto Free Online Research Papers Yohji Yamamoto was born in Tokyo, Japan on October 3, 1943. He originally attended Keio University, and graduated with a law degree. In 1966, he switched gears and headed towards the world of fashion by attending Bunka Fashion College. The main reason why he changed career paths was because his mother needed help with her dress store. He started out by making clothing for his mothers’ friends in the 1960’s.He worked as a freelance designer, and then opened his company in 1972. In the early 1970’s Yamamoto made his first clothing line, Y’s for women, and Y’s for men was created in 1979. He created his second collection, simply named Yohji Yamamoto in 1981 and three years later made his Pour Homme line. In the 1990’s he presented his signature perfumes for men and women. In 2003, he presented his ready to wear collection in New York Fashion week which was very successful. Adidas and Yamamoto joined in a collaboration to make shoes and sportswear. Prices Yamamoto works out of Japan with his designs touching every part of the world. His fashions touch in Haute Courture, but are mainly anchored in ready-to-wear. Some prices and styles of his clothing can be seen below: Mid length dress, $695.00 Button up blouse, $318.00 Casual trousers, $695.00 Yohji women’s’ perfume, $300.00 Styling Yohji Yamamoto’s clothing could be described as loose, unstructured, voluminous, and a consistent choice of black colors for his fabrics. He uses any fabrics from knits, cotton, linen, silk, wool, alpaca, viscose, leather and lace. His styles could be classified as both classic and trendy. His line for women and men, the Y’s, are considered classic as this line is made up of suits, dresses, button up shirts, trousers, and blazers. His clothing can also be trendy, such as the clothing in his Autumn/Winter collection. He features many long trench coats in bright colors like red, fuchsia, and blue, which moved the basic trench to a fun, bright fashion necessity. Some distinctive qualities of Yamamoto’s clothing are that they are unstructured, layered, lopsided collars, dark, bright, long and flowing, strange, but also elegant, and beautiful moving pieces of artwork. It sometimes is referred to as â€Å"anti-fashion.† Yamamoto not only designs clothing. He designs perfumes, shoes, handbags, and a few handbags. In 2002, Yamamoto and Adidas got together and created Y-3, Yamamoto’s sports line. It’s made up of jackets, sport shoes, baseball caps, messenger bags, and backpacks. He introduced his perfumes and cologne in the 90’s. His first fragrance was for a woman was released in 1996. Followed by that was cologne for men released in 1999. Also released that year was another fragrance for women called Essential. What makes Yamamoto so successful is his originality, grace, and braveness to try something new. He creates pieces of clothing that might look a little strange at first, but when you take a closer look and take it in, you see that it is actually more like a work of art. The frumpy, baggy pants become a vessel to carry the long train of the shirt as its sail. Extra Info Yamamoto is also a black belt in karate, and the head organizer of the World Wide Karate association. He has also been featured in a number of films exhibitions, and books. In his spare time, he plays the guitar in his own band, and drinks whisky. He owns 333 stores worldwide. He is known as the rebel of fashion. Research Papers on Biography of Yohji YamamotoHip-Hop is ArtAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementDefinition of Export QuotasMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Fifth HorsemanMind TravelThe Spring and AutumnPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and Canada

Costco case analysis until 2008 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Costco case analysis until 2008 - Essay Example This is the reason why it is not charging credit cards because current low margins do not cover this fee. Costco can solve this problem by using both the cash and credit card system of payment, but those people who want to pay using credit cards, an extra 2% should be charged to their bills in the lieu of banking fee. This method will be acceptable to most of the customers as the prices in Costco are already very low and people who use credit card can still make a saving even if they pay for extra 2 percent banking fee. This will help Costco attract a wider customer base and at the same time not lose out on their margins. Costco has also limited itself in the membership program. Special offers and discounts are given only to members of Costco. This is a dangerous policy because many potential customers who want to avail special offer cannot avail them and hence they do not shop at Costco. What Costco can do here is that they should publish and send out special discount coupons throug h direct mail and magazines. These coupons should be redeemable at Costco stores and this way Costco will serve a wider audience and will be able to attract larger pool of prospective customers. Many other shops and competitors to Costco provide ancillary services to its customers. However, Costco does not provide these services to its customers. Costco is operating at very low margin which does not give enough leverage to Costco to provide these services. This can be tackled by Costco advertising that should compare its costs with other retailers and should point out that Costco is competing on cost and the value of saving that Costco provides is greater than ancillary services that other retailers provide. This will encourage many more customers to buy from Costco and it will also help to increase Costco’s sales and revenue. It can be concluded from the above discussion that although Costco is doing pretty well, it needs to look at the external environment and should

Middle East culture in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Middle East culture in business - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that in this age of globalization, partnerships and outsourcing are becoming to be the model of businesses.   In this deal, it is important to try and learn the customs and traditions of the country, one has to deal with so as not to offend the hosts. The Middle East is a very large group of diverse culture. The researcher will begin with the discussion of religion.   Religion is a way life for the Muslims, and it has an important bearing when doing business with them.   Muslims pray five times a day, so sometimes, in meetings, they have to be excused. Employers should also understand that Muslim employees have to leave their workplace on Friday afternoons for the mosque.  Ã‚   In contrast, religious practices of Christians found in the Western and Asian culture do not interfere with business because they do only go to Church on Sundays and special occasions and has no need to leave their places when praying. Like the Islam nations, Western faith is based on the Bible. It is not good to do business with Muslims during their celebration of the holy month of Ramadan because businesses are closed and they tend to spend the holidays with their families or at their holy shrine. They observe fasting from dawn to dusk and extensively engaged in their worship, so business must wait as it becomes their second priority.   The month of Ramadan is observed every tenth month of the Islamic calendar. Westerns do not observe this month-long religious activity that often interferes with business.